Heavy Aircraft

Heavy Aircraft - Take a close look along the length of a propeller, from the tip towards the spinner, and you will likely notice that it looks like the propeller twists. This twist along each propeller blade is, of...

"Separation is applied to aircraft operating directly behind a super or heavy at the same altitude or less than 1,000 feet below, and to small aircraft operating directly behind a B757 at the same altitude or less than 500 feet below:if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'airplaneacademy_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',127,'0',

Heavy Aircraft

'0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-airplaneacademy_com-banner-1-0'); It has a spacious cargo compartment 43.32m-long, 6.4m-wide and 4.4m-high, which allows it to carry heavy cargo weighing up to 250t. The An-225 is powered by six D-18T turbofans, which develop a thrust of 229.7kN each.

Practical Application

I've been flying since I was 14 years old and have loved every minute of pursuing aviation ever since. Particular highlights include my seaplane rating in Talkeetna Alaska in a Super Cub on floats, getting my instrument rating, taking mountain flying courses in the Idaho backcountry, and purchasing my first airplane (a 1975 Cessna 182P) in 2016. Aviation is my biggest passion and

Airplane Academy is my outlet to continuously research aviation tips, tricks, and FAQs and present them in a helpful way both on this website as well as our YouTube channel. You can read more about my story here.

The above image is a practical way to avoid wake turbulence during flight. Often times it will be your discretion as a pilot to remain clear of wake turbulence, but interestingly, ATC also has regulations when it

comes to separation, particularly for heavy aircraft. How does this affect you as a pilot? I always had a hard time time retaining and applying knowledge unless it seemed applicable to what I was doing, so let me emphasize that even if you are only flying small general aviation

Avoiding Wake Turbulence From Heavy Aircraft During Takeoff/Landing

aircraft, recognizing these weight classifications is very important to you a daily basis. The reason is awake turbulence. As mentioned, wake turbulence is greatest during takeoff and landing and when aircraft are “heavy, clean, and slow”.

Because you often cannot see the actual wake vortices, a good visualization technique to use in order to avoid wake turbulence is to "remain in the bowl". Since the FAA now requires any aircraft with a maximum

takeoff weight (MTOW) in excess of 300,000 pounds to use the term “heavy,” general aviation pilots might start noticing this phrase more often, especially when flying near busy airspace such as Charlie or Bravo. The aircraft features a large side cargo door and a unique nose door, ensuring rapid loading and off-loading of standard containers and pallets, or outsized cargo.

Its power plant can be equipped with either four Pratt & Whitney PW4062 or Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-T or four GE CF6-80C2-B5F engines. With more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, Falcon Heavy is one of the most capable rockets flying.

What Are Examples Of ”Heavy” Aircraft?

By comparison, the liftoff thrust of the Falcon Heavy equals approximately eighteen 747 aircraft at full power. Falcon Heavy can lift the equivalent of a fully loaded 737 jetliner—complete with passengers, luggage and fuel—into orbit. All aircraft that weigh more than 41,000 pounds, maximum

certified takeoff weight, up to but not including 300,000 pounds, are classified by the FAA as “Large” aircraft. This change reclassifies all B757 aircraft as “Large” aircraft; however, controllers are required to apply the special wake turbulence separation criteria as specified in paragraph 7-3-9 of

the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The 747-400 LCF, which is an extensively modified version of the Boeing 747-400, made its first flight in September 2006. The 747 Dreamlifter can carry more cargo volume than any other cargo aircraft in the world.

Hi, I'm Charlie. I have been flying since I was 14 years old and have been in love with aviation for as long as I can remember. In 2018 I started Airplane Academy alongside other avid pilots and flight instructors to equip current pilots and inspire future pilots.

Unmatched Performance

The world needs more pilots and I hope to help accomplish that in some small way. Read more about Airplane Academy at the link below. According to an FAA notice from 2010 (N JO 7110.525), "Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 pounds or more, whether or not

they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight, will now be classified as a 'Heavy' aircraft according to FAA and ICAO weight classification standards.” When a smaller plane is caught in a vortex, it will be

rolled at a rate the pilot may not be able to counter, causing the plane to crash. Even super or heavy planes can be adversely affected by vortices from a super or heavy aircraft. As a kid, Clarice Phelps dreamed of being an astronaut, or maybe an explorer like the characters on Star Trek.

Her path to a career in science turned out to be a bit different than what she expected, including lengthy stints on a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. But that path led her to being a part of something big: the discovery of a new element on the periodic table.

Second Stage

The first 747-300SF was delivered to Atlas Air in October 2000. The aircraft offers 26,600ft3 of cargo volume, which is equivalent to that of the 747-200F. It is propelled by either four PW JT9D-7R4G2 engines or four GE CF6-80C2B1 or RR RB211-524D4 engines.

Falcon Heavy draws upon Falcon 9's proven design, which minimizes stage separation events and maximizes reliability. The second-stage Merlin Vacuum Engine delivers the rocket's payload to orbit after the main engines cut off and the first-stage cores separate.

Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles. Merlin engines use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle.

The Merlin engine was originally designed for recovery and reuse. In addition to the weight of the plane, the power of the vortices is affected by the speed of the plane and the shape and span of its wings.

Review Of Wake Turbulence

According to the FAA, a vortex speed of almost 300 feet per second has been recorded.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'airplaneacademy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',125,'0','0'])}; __ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-airplaneacademy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); It's one thing to know why and when an aircraft is called heavy, but it’s more important to know how this might impact you as a pilot.

We'll cover examples of commonly heavy aircraft and discuss the responsibilities of ATC (and you as the pilot in command) when flying around these aircraft. Nuclear chemist Clarice Phelps works under a fume hood at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory hide caption The bigger the aircraft, the larger the wake they create. Think of large ships and how much water they displace when moving about. The aircrafts' wakes are greatest during takeoffs and landings.

For that reason, air traffic controllers say the word "super" or "heavy" when identifying nearby aircraft that fall under those categories, so pilots of other planes will know to stay clear. The 747-200F took into the skies for the first time in November 1971. The first 747-200F was delivered to Lufthansa in April 1972, while the last aircraft was handed over to Nippon Cargo in November 1991.

Boeing Dreamlifter / - Large Cargo Freighter – Kg

It might have been a while since you or your instructor discussed wake turbulence avoidance. If so, see our article on “How does an airplane form wake turbulence?” In essence, the wings of planes of all sizes create vortices—counter-rotating cylindrical air masses—that can greatly disrupt the flight path of smaller aircraft.

The Boeing 747 Dreamlifter, also known as the 747-400LCF (Large Cargo Freighter), has been designed to transport large fuselage sections and wings of the 787 Dreamliner from partner sites around the world to Boeing's assembly site in Everett, Washington.

A "heavy" designation means an aircraft has a certificate maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 300,000 pounds or greater. This designation helps controllers better alert and space aircraft accordingly that might be more susceptible to the increased wake turbulence created by these heavy

aircraft. Not only is it useful to be familiar with what a “heavy” designation is means to you and your particular flight, it is also extremely valuable to be familiar with the majority of common aircraft you might encounter so that you

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can recognize them on the radio and calculate speed and spacing requirements as needed. While flying into a Class Charlie airspace you're on a four-mile final and ATC tells you “caution wake turbulence for heavy aircraft

landing.” You know what to do since your instructor taught you proper wake up turbulence avoidance techniques, but why are some airplanes called “heavy”? This site is owned and operated by Charlie Gasmire. AirplaneAcademy.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.

This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. ATC actually has guidelines for how much time should elapse between departures depending on the weight classification of the aircraft.

These guidelines can be found in Section 7-3-9 of the AIM. This goes to ensure safe departures given the intensified wake turbulence from heavy and super heavy aircraft. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'airplaneacademy_com-box-4','ezslot_7',126,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div- gpt-ad-airplaneacademy_com-box-4-0'); Three cores make up the first stage of Falcon Heavy.

Antonov An- – Kg

The side cores, or boosters, are connected on the nosecone, the interstage, and on the octaweb. Shortly after liftoff the center core engines are throttled down. After the side cores separate, the center core engines throttle back up to full thrust.

With a take-off weight of 640t, the mammoth Antonov An-225 Mriya (NATO reporting name: Cossack) is the world's largest civilian cargo aircraft. The super heavy transport air lifter, designed and built between 1984 and 1988, is currently in commercial service with Antonov Airlines.

The aircraft, which made its service debut with the US Air Force in 2009, is the largest military cargo aircraft in the USAF fleet. It is powered by four GE CF-80C2 engines, which develop a thrust of 225kN each.

Get the 23 resources I wish I had at the start of my aviation journey in an easy-to-reference PDF. Nearly all of the topics I most commonly get asked about flight training, all in one place, for free.

This is discussed in chapter five of the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, which says you should: “Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another aircraft,” and “Approach the runway above a preceding one

aircraft's path when landing behind another aircraft and touching down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway.”

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Huey Aircraft

Huey Aircraft - At one of the stops, a woman pointed to the pilot's seat and asked, "May I sit there?" Rodgers assisted her into the cockpit. She tearfully explained that she had never met her father, but "this is where he was when he was killed."

Substantial airframe shaking occurs as the two-blade rotor accelerates while starting the Lycoming T53-L-11 turboshaft engine—so much that it is almost impossible to read small instruments or set the altimeter at the same time. The shaking dies down, though, as the engine and rotor stabilize at idle.

Huey Aircraft

(A Huey cockpit would be a perfect place to mix a martini for James Bond.) Noticeable during the walkaround inspection are numerous small riveted patches covering bullet holes from when this aircraft encountered small-arms fire during the war.

The Uh-B Was The Us Army’s First Gunship

The red-and-white peace symbol on the side of a Huey was a sarcastic reference to the "peaceniks" at home and was intended to mean "Peace through Firepower." Rodgers has landed at veterans' hospitals and tells of how the mere sight of a Huey has enabled some vets to start speaking about their experiences for the first time.

A veteran infantryman who had been medevaced in a Huey had recurring nightmares about his Vietnam experience but begrudgingly agreed to fly with Rodgers. A week later he reported with great relief that his nightmares had abated.

"Our Huey," says Rodgers, "is a therapeutic piece of hardware, a flying symbol of remembrance. We regard it as a token of gratitude to those who sacrificed so much for our freedom." Fuselage length: 45 feet, 10 inches

Overall length: 57 feet, 3 inches Weight: empty: 5,549 pounds Maximum loaded: 10,500 pounds Speed: 126 mph Ceiling: 15,000 feet in horizontal flight 12,900 feet hovering Range: 250 nautical miles Power plant: two United Aircraft of Canada PT6 turboshafts

It Was Originally Intended To Be An Air Ambulance

Crew: two pilots, one crewman Contractor: Bell Helicopter Textron With weaponry hanging in the breeze and cabin doors open, the Huey cruises at 85 knots, 90 to 95 knots when cleaned up and with the doors closed.

It is difficult to inadvertently exceed redline airspeed because of the unmistakable buffeting that occurs when approaching VNE (120 knots). The Huey was developed as the Bell Model 204 and incorporated lessons learned during the Korean War about helicopter operations.

A larger Model 205 was introduced in 1961, more familiarly known as the UH-1D. Hueys have served with all branches of the U.S. military, as well as multiple U.S. government agencies and at least 48 foreign countries.

Many Hueys are still in use today. Normal cruise speed | 90 kt Fuel consumption (75% power) | 76.8 gph (514 pph) Max range | 235 nm Max Endurance | 2 hours 9 minutes Rate of climb, sea level |

1,210 fpm Hover ceiling (in ground effect) | 12,500 ft Hover ceiling (out of ground effect) | 8,200 ft Service ceiling 19,390 ft Autorotation (glide) ratio | 4.25:1 Unarmed Hueys, known as "slicks", were used as troop transporters in Vietnam.

The first UH variant, the UH-1A, could carry up to six seats (or two stretchers for a medevac role). But the vulnerability of slicks prompted the development of the UH-1B, the US Army's first purpose-built gunship, which could be equipped with M60 machine guns and rockets.

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During the restoration, graffiti was discovered on the inside surfaces of the tail boom. This was left undisturbed as a tribute to Army maintenance personnel who had worked on the aircraft in Vietnam. Although 1,010 UH-1Bs have been built, this is probably the only gunship that is still airworthy.

It is used primarily for airshows, static displays, parades, veterans' events, and fly-bys. The collective and hydraulically assisted cyclic control and anti-torque pedals are conventional. The aircraft also has a synchronized elevator near the end of the tail boom.

It is mechanically linked to the fore-and-aft movement of the cyclic to increase pitch control and widen the center-of-gravity envelope. There are three basic models. The UH-1B is one of the "short bodies." Stretching the fuselage 41 inches to increase troop-carrying capacity resulted in the UH-1D.

Replacing the single turbine with a pair of Pratt & Whitney engines produced the UH-1N Twin Huey. As a gunship, the Huey normally had a crew of four, two pilots and two gunners. Each pilot has his own entry door, and the cabin has two large doors that slide aft, making the aircraft suitable for a wide variety of utility roles.

The gunship was used primarily to clear landing zones for troop-carrying helicopters and to provide close-air support for ground units. It was also used for troop transport, medevac, emergency resupply, and armed attack. The Huey was the Jeep of the Vietnam War.

I had been under the impression that the familiar slapping sound of the two wide-chord rotors could be heard only when outside the aircraft, but you can hear it from inside as well. It is particularly noticeable during turns (when disk loading is increased) and when airspeed is less than 70 knots.

Low fly-bys are made at low speed to maximize blade slapping and create a genuinely crowd-pleasing effect. This distinctive slapping is not unique, however; a similar sound is made by the Bell AH-1 Cobra and the Bell 222. Unfortunately, the rotor blades have only a 1,000-hour service life.

Replacements from Bell cost $100,000 per blade. I was instructed in the Huey by Pat Rodgers, the museum's executive director and chief pilot. He is also a distant cousin of Cal Rodgers, who in 1911 was the first to fly across the United States.

Most of his 3,000 hours are in helicopters, including 1,200 in Hueys and 1,200 in a Bell OH-58 Kiowa (military version of the Model 206 Jet Ranger). The Bell UH-1 Iroquois, commonly known as the "Huey," was a multipurpose utility helicopter famous for its widespread use during the Vietnam War.

Bell developed the powerful helicopter in the mid-1950s and produced more than 16,000 units between 1955 and 1976, over 7,000 of which served in Vietnam. The aircraft were used primarily for troop and cargo transport, medical evacuations, and aerial attack.

Hueys have also been used in civilian roles such as firefighting, humanitarian aid efforts, research operations, and search-and-rescue duties. A cruel aspect of the Vietnam War was the bitter homecoming experienced by so many returning veterans.

They were often confronted by anti-war protestors, spit upon, called baby killers, cursed, and assaulted. They were scapegoats for an unpopular war and often accused of being drug addicts, psychos, and war mongers. These U.S. veterans were one of the most unjustly maligned groups in American history, causing many to discard their uniforms and medals, keep to themselves, and rarely discuss the war.

The Bell UH-1 Iroquois, commonly known as the "Huey," was a multipurpose utility helicopter famous for its widespread use during the Vietnam War. Bell developed the powerful helicopter in the mid-1950s and produced more than 16,000 units between 1955 and 1976, over 7,000 of which served in Vietnam.

The aircraft were used primarily for troop and cargo transport, medical evacuations, and aerial attack. Hueys have also been used in civilian roles such as firefighting, humanitarian aid efforts, research operations, and search-and-rescue duties. The aircraft on these pages, N832M, was built in 1963 and served in Vietnam with the 101st Airborne and 1st Cavalry divisions between 1964 and 1966. Following military discharge, it returned stateside, eventually flew for the Lee County (Florida) Mosquito Abatement Program,

and became an unsightly wreck. It was purchased by the Wings and Rotors Air Museum in 2001 for only $10,000. It then had a painstaking and thorough two-year restoration. The Museum's aircraft, a UH-1H model, was the most-produced Huey variant, with 5,435 units manufactured.

The Museum's Huey was delivered to the U.S. Army in March 1970 and served in Vietnam with the 101st Air Cavalry and the 158th Attack Helicopter Battalion (AHB), B Company. It flew approximately 1,400 combat hours before returning to the United States in March 1972. It later served with the Alaska National Guard until 1994, then with the Search & Rescue Unit of the King County Sheriff's Office until its donation to The Museum of Flight in 2003

Following an extensive restoration effort by Northwest Helicopters in 2011 and 2012, the Museum's Huey now appears as it did during its service in Vietnam with the U.S. Army 158th AHB. Seriously wounded and huddling in the dank underbrush, men struggled to stay alive and remain hidden from nearby and approaching Viet Cong guerillas.

As their plight became increasingly desperate, the isolated American soldiers began to hear in the distance the distinctive slapping of rotor blades. There was no mistaking the whop-whop-whopping of a Huey. It was the sound of rescue, the sound of freedom, the sound of going home—sentiments almost universally expressed by those who were there.

Rodgers assured me that I would have little trouble flying the Huey. "It's the easiest helicopter I have ever flown," he said. "It was designed and built to be flown with confidence under a wide variety of conditions, many of them adverse."

The Huey was responsible for a new breed of U.S. military pilot, the warrant officer, who could go directly into flight training from high school without having to undergo the rigors of becoming a commissioned officer.

More than any other aircraft, the beloved Huey symbolizes the Vietnam War and the American heroes who served and sacrificed there. The iconic helicopter was developed specifically for the United States military and first flew on October 20, 1956. The Army's first turbine-powered helicopter, it was originally designated as the HU-1 Iroquois, the pronunciation of which is the origin of the Huey epithet

. The aircraft was redesignated as the UH-1 in 1962, but the familiar nickname stuck. "Huey" became so popular and immortal that Bell began casting the name on the anti-torque pedals. Its official name, Iroquois, is rarely used except when referring to a nation of Native Americans.

Raise the collective slowly and feed in left-pedal pressure until the Huey gets light on the skids. Raise the collective a bit more, pull into a hover, lower the nose, add more collective, and you're on your way, climbing more than 1,200 fpm at the best climb speed of 60 knots.

The Wings and Rotors Air Museum is at the French Valley Airport in Murietta, California. It was founded in 2000 by Rodgers (and an anonymous benefactor) and has several Vietnam-era aircraft, including the Kiowa and a restored McDonnell Douglas F4H-1 Phantom II.

Many of the volunteers are vets who have had experience with Hueys and love being around them. Further information is online. The Huey was developed as the Bell Model 204 and incorporated lessons learned during the Korean War about helicopter operations.

A larger Model 205 was introduced in 1961, more familiarly known as the UH-1D. Hueys have served with all branches of the U.S. military, as well as multiple U.S. government agencies and at least 48 foreign countries.

Many Hueys are still in use today. More than 16,000 Hueys had been built when production ended in 1986. Seven thousand of them served tours of duty in Southeast Asia. Civilian versions of the Huey are the Bell 204 (short-body), the Bell 205 (stretched), and the twin-engine Bell 212.

The UH-1C, another variant designed for the gunship role, sought to solve this problem by adding an extra 150-horsepower to the engine. The UH-1D, meanwhile, was the first of a new, larger model of Huey with longer rotors and another additional 100-horsepower.

The gunship carried effective and concentrated firepower. The deactivated armament aboard this Huey is typical and includes a traversable M134 Minigun with six rotating barrels that could fire 6,000 rounds per minute; a pair of rocket launchers that each fired seven 2.75-inch, folding-fin rockets;

a .50-caliber machine gun; and a 7.62-mm M60 machine gun. The only thing missing is a grenade launcher in the nose. During combat the cabin floor was typically stacked with ammo boxes and grenades that could be tossed overboard to accommodate rescued personnel.

The Huey autorotates beautifully and makes you appreciate the high-inertia rotor blades, which make it easy to maintain safe rotor speed during descent. A normal approach is made from 300 feet and 60 knots while maintaining an eight- to 10-degree descent profile.

Initial touchdown occurs on the rear of the tubular skids. During May 2008, Rodgers and his Huey were joined by two other helicopters, the museum's Bell OH-58 Kiowa and a second Huey belonging to Overseas Aircraft in Lakeside, Arizona.

They formed a flight of three, headed east from Southern California, and referred to themselves as "Flying Thunder." Their goal was to arrive and pay homage at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (the "Wall") in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day along with Rolling Thunder, many of whom arrive as a huge gathering of motorcyclists.

Sadly, the trio of ex-military helicopters was denied permission to enter restricted airspace and fly the last mile to honor the 58,286 veterans whose names are inscribed on the black granite wall. Instead, the helicopters had to land short at Leesburg, Virginia.

The UH-1B is an honest, stable, and relatively easy helicopter to fly. My greatest challenge in flying any helicopter is hovering and making pedal turns (pivoting turns while hovering) at three feet in a crosswind. I did not do all that well in the Huey but much better than I had anticipated, considering that my 300 hours of helicopter experience are spread over 50 years.

This was more of a tribute to the Huey than it was to me. During a stop in Alabama, a member of the Purple Heart Association told Rodgers about his last flight in a Huey. Badly injured, all he could remember was staring at the ceiling.

When offered a ride, he didn't want to go, but finally relented. He returned with tears of joy. "That flight made a big difference in my life," he later told Rodgers. "It helped me to get rid of some really bad demons."

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Height Of Aircraft Carrier

Height Of Aircraft Carrier - Shandong was built by Dalian Shipbuilding Industry in 2018. The aircraft carrier, which is also known as Type 002, was commissioned in 2019. While Shandong is the first Chinese-made aircraft carrier, it is a variant of the Soviet-built Kuznetsov-class

aircraft carrier. Other nations and light carriers. The United States has decommissioned about as many carriers—63—as the rest of the world had afloat in 2003. Nations with carriers included the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Italy, Japan, Spain, India, Brazil, Chile, Peru

Height Of Aircraft Carrier

, China, and Thailand. The leading carrier power, other than the United States, was—not surprisingly, given the many previous British achievements in carrier design—the United Kingdom. In part to facilitate the building of smaller and more economic carriers, the British in the late 1960s developed the Harrier jet, which takes off almost vertically.

Overview Of A Modern Carrier

As of 2003, its fleet included three small carriers of the Invincible class, built for vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), each capable of carrying eight Harriers and from 10 to 12 helicopters. Members of a battle group may include at least one destroyer and one frigate, two attack submarines, two guided missile cruisers, one guided missile destroyer, and a logistical support ship.

Destroyers and frigates are primarily for anti-submarine warfare, while attack submarines, as their name implies, attack both enemy submarines and ships. Both guided missile cruisers and destroyers are multi-mission surface combatants, the first type armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles for long-range strike capability, and the second equipped for anti-aircraft warfare.

The logistical support ship is usually a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply vessel. Other notable naval powers include Italy, which had six carriers, helicopter carriers, or amphibious assault ships either in operation or under construction in 2003. These included the Andrea Doria, scheduled for completion in 2007. Built along the V/STOL model, the Andrea

Doria would hold eight Harriers or 12 helicopters. Other navies with aircraft carriers, helicopter carriers, helicopter destroyers, or amphibious assault ships included Japan, Brazil, India, Spain, Thailand, and Peru. With the launch of its 59th carrier, Forrestal, in 1959, the United States introduced the era of the very large carrier.

Components In The Carrier Concept

The Forrestal included rectangular extensions on the rear part of the flight deck, which greatly expanded the deck area. Designers had also moved the elevators off to the side, so that they could be used even as aircraft were taking off and landing.

Unlike the old oil-boiler carriers, modern nuclear carriers do not have to refuel regularly. In fact, they can go 15 to 20 years without refueling. The trade-offs are a more expensive power plant, a longer, more complicated refueling process (it takes several years) and the added risk of a nuclear disaster at sea.

To minimize the risk of such a catastrophe, the reactors inside a supercarrier are heavily shielded and closely monitored. U.S. aircraft carriers fall into several groupings, the largest of which is the Nimitz class. Largest warships in the world, these measure 1,092 feet (332.9 m) from bow to stern, and 252 feet (76.8 m) across.

As large as it is, the large U.S. carrier still does not provide enough room for takeoff and landing by conventional means; therefore, the carrier deck includes a number of items for these purposes, as well as for the storage of aircraft below decks.

Evolution Of The Carrier

Primary Flight Control, or "Pri-Fly," is the control tower for flights. Above it on the "island," the part of the carrier that sticks up above the flight deck, is the bridge, the command and control center of the carrier as a whole.

On the bridge is always an officer of the deck (OOD), designated by the ship's commanding officer, who serves a four-hour watch. The OOD is responsible for all aspects of the safety and operation of the ship, among which are navigation, ship handling, communications, and routine tests, and inspections.

Also on the bridge are the helmsman, who steers the ship, and numerous other personnel. Two years later, in 1961, the Navy introduced the first nuclear-powered carrier, the Enterprise. It is no accident that the world's most well-known fictional spaceship, from the 1960s television show Star Trek, was also called the Enterprise.

During that era, the standard of excellence among carriers—the epitome of technological superiority anyone was likely to encounter in real life—was the Enterprise, which carried 100 aircraft, displaced 75,700 tons (68,674 tons), and moved at speeds higher than 30 knots.

(55.6 kph). With eight nuclear reactors, it could travel for three years before being replaced. As of 2003, the United States had launched a total of 75 carriers, with two more under construction. Its 12 active carriers included the Enterprise and the Kitty Hawk class (the Kitty Hawk and Constellation), all launched in 1961;

the John F. Kennedy, launched in 1968; and eight carriers of the Nimitz class: Nimitz, Dwight D. Eisenhower (1977), Carl Vinson (1982), Theodore Roosevelt (1986), Abraham Lincoln (1989), George Washington (1992), John C. Stennis (1995), and Harry S. Truman (1998).

Additionally, the Ronald Reagan was under construction, with launch planned for the middle of the decade, while construction was to begin on the George H. W. Bush, with completion planned for 2009. (Both are Nimitz-class carriers.)

Admiral Kuznetsov was built by Nikolayev South during the Soviet era. First commissioned in 1991, the aircraft carrier is currently the only unit operated by the Russian Navy. As of June, Admiral Kuznetsov is undergoing a refit, per the wire agency Reuters.

Built by Cochin Shipyard Limited, the INS Vikrant is the first-ever aircraft carrier constructed in India. Launched in 2013, the ship's construction cost over $3.5 billion and was originally scheduled for commissioning in 2018 but was delayed due to the pandemic.

aircraft carrier Military vessel with a wide open deck that serves as a runway for the launching and landing of aircraft. A modern nuclear-powered carrier may have a flight deck c.300m (1000ft) long, a displacement of c.75,000 tons, a 4000-man crew, and carry 90 aircraft of various types.

Some carriers have large, angled decks to permit launching and landing simultaneously. Local media describe the INS Vikrant as an "elite" warship. The aircraft carrier is slated to operate MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31 helicopters, and Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk helicopters once commissioned in September, per local news site India Times.

The carrier is one of the leading means for force projection, or the ability to project an aggregation of military personnel from the continental United States (or another theater) in response to military requirements. As long as it operates in international waters, a carrier needs no permission to conduct landings or overflights.

These floating military bases constitute sovereign U.S. territory capable of moving over the oceans—70% of Earth's surface—in the service of U.S. interests. There are 47 aircraft carriers currently in active service in the world — all of which are operated by just 14 countries.

Aircraft carriers are considered the "most valuable" naval asset, tasked with not just war operations but guarding territorial waters, per a 2020 report from the Joint Air Power Competence Center. Stefan Terzibaschitsch, Aircraft Carriers of the U.S.

Navy, 1980. Norman Friedman, Carrier Air Power, 1981. Stefan Terzibaschitsch, Escort Carriers and Aviation Support Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1981. Norman Friedman, U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History, 1983. Clark G. Reynolds, The Fighting Lady: The New Yorktown in the Pacific War, 1986. George C. Wilson, Supercarrier, 1986. Edward P. Stafford, The Big E, 1988 repr.

Clark G. Reynolds, The U.S. Fleet‐in‐Being Strategy of 1942, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 58 (1994), pp. 103–118. Theodore Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, 1991 repr. Postwar changes. By the end of World War II, the United States had commissioned more than 34 carriers, with several more made operational late in 1945. But it had also lost several such vessels, including the first two, the Langley and the Lexington.

Following the war, the introduction of guided missiles revolutionized the nature of the carrier battle group, while nuclear fission replaced diesel power for the most advanced carriers. Five countries — US, China, UK, France and India — operate 10 of the world's largest aircraft carriers in terms of displacement.

According to naval architect Harry Alexander Karanassos, displacement refers to the mass of water displaced by a ship. With a total of 10 planned aircraft carriers, the Gerald R. Ford-class is regarded as the US Navy's warships of the future.

The USS Gerald R. Ford, the first aircraft carrier to be built, was commissioned in 2017. The research and development of the class cost $37.3 billion, and the construction of each unit cost almost $13 billion.

Fujian is fitted with catapults that can launch "larger and heavier aircraft," according to the Hong Kong-based news site Asia Times. The aircraft carrier is tasked with reinforcing Chinese presence on the eastern side of Taiwan, the publication reported, citing local naval strategists.

Carriers figured heavily in World War II, particularly during operations in the Pacific theater. The Japanese launched their attack on U.S. forces at Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, from carriers, and in May, 1942, the United States struck back decisively in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in which opposing fleets fought without their ships coming in sight of each other

. A month later, the Battle of Midway proved one of the turning points in the war, and reinforced the concept of naval air support. There are 10 aircraft carriers that belong to the Nimitz-class. All were built by Newport News Shipbuilding.

The first aircraft carrier in the class, USS Nimitz, was commissioned in 1975 but is due to be decommissioned in 2025. The INS Vikramaditya is a Soviet-made aircraft carrier that was commissioned by the Indian Navy in 2013, per the navy's official website.

The warship is regarded as the current flagship of the navy, and was purchased from Russia for $2.35 billion. As impressive as it was, the Enterprise would be eclipsed by the Nimitz (commissioned in May 1975) and the rest of its class.

Instead of eight reactors, these required only two, whose uranium cores needed to be replaced once every 13 years. The carriers displaced 81,600 tons, but had much smaller propulsion systems, and thus, could store much more aircraft fuel.

The carrier's two nuclear reactors, housed in a heavily-armored, heavily restricted area in the middle of the ship, generate loads of high-pressure steam to rotate fan blades inside the turbine. The fans turn the turbine shaft, which rotates the screw propellers to push the ship forward, while massive rudders steer the ship.

The propulsion system boasts something in excess of 280,000 horsepower (the Navy doesn't release exact numbers). The INS Vikrant has a projected displacement of 45,000 tons which will make it the Indian Navy's largest aircraft carrier, superseding the INS Vikramaditya.

It measures 860 feet in length and 194 feet in height and can accommodate a crew of 1,645. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.

Therefore, it's best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication's requirements and the most recent information available at these sites: Carriers make possible a variety of options.

They may be used to insert forces ashore; on the other hand, their presence is so intimidating that they may be used simply to "show the flag," or remind hostile powers of the U.S. presence. They are capable of attacking airborne, sea borne, or land targets, and engage in sustained operations in support of other forces—for example, the ground forces deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

Sometimes characterized as "floating cities," aircraft carriers are a potent symbol of America's strength as a superpower. Although nations ranging from the United Kingdom and Russia to Peru and Thailand have their light carriers and helicopter carriers, the large carriers of the United States are without parallel in ability and firepower.

Carriers provide an important means of force projection from the continental United States to any theater, no matter how hostile, and offer a floating platform for missions that include both combat and intelligence-gathering. As President William J. Clinton said during a visit to the carrier Theodore Roosevelt in the 1990s, "When word of crisis breaks out in Washington, it's no accident that the first question that comes to everyone's lips is, 'where is the nearest carrier?

'" HMS Queen Elizabeth is equipped with armament that includes the Phalanx close-in weapon system and US-made M134 miniguns. It can carry more than 65 aircraft, which includes the Lockheed Martin F-35 fighter jet and the Boeing Chinook helicopter.

night surveillance, electronic countermeasures, command/control/communications warfare, and search and rescue; one squadron of EA-6B Prowlers, which jams enemy radar, electronic data links, and communications; one squadron of E-2C Hawkeyes, all-weather tactical warning and control system aircraft;

and one squadron of SH-60 Seahawks, twin-engine utility or assault helicopters. Before placing a superlift module into the ship, the construction crew assembles its steel body and hooks up almost all wiring and plumbing. Then they use a giant bridge crane to lift the module and lower it precisely into its proper position inside the ship;

then they weld it to the surrounding modules. Near the end of construction, the crew joins the last module, the 575-ton island, to the flight deck. Powered by two nuclear reactors with four geared steam turbines and four shafts, the Nimitz-class carrier is capable of spending at least half a year at sea, and more than a decade without refueling.

Its ship's company exceeds 3,000, with almost 2,500 more on the air wing. Below decks is an entire city, complete with vast warrens of living spaces, dining halls that serve nearly 20,000 meals a day, a radio and television station, a barber shop, a library, gymnasium, a hospital and dentist office, shops, and a

post office. HMS Queen Elizabeth is a class that includes two aircraft carriers, the HMS Queen Elizabeth and the HMS Prince of Wales. The lead ship, HMS Queen Elizabeth, was commissioned in 2017. The class was built by the Aircraft Carrier Alliance and cost around £3.8 billion to construct per unit.

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Insured Aircraft

Insured Aircraft - BWI's policy solutions can accommodate both personal and commercial needs. It also offers a slew of niche or specialty policies designed for specific types of aircraft and aircraft owners, including experimental aircraft, seaplanes, flying clubs, commercial drones, private jets, and aircraft charters.

Coverage varies by policy and policyholder preferences, but most BWI general aviation coverage options include liability, aircraft hull, ground, and flight, not in flight, and not in motion insurance. To get a free quote, you'll need to fill out a form and wait for contact from an insurance agent.

Insured Aircraft

Falcon Insurance is a top choice because of over 40 years of experience insuring pilots only. Insurance coverage refers to the percentage that the insurance company will cover in the event of a claim. For example, an insurance policy that does not include full coverage will only pay a portion of the expenses involved in an accident.

The Amount Of Coverage

You may be wondering if you could "misremember" details about your FAA record, experience level, or details about your aircraft to reduce your insurance premium. While you may feel that some of the parameters included in your insurance premium calculation may be unfair, failing to disclose information, or providing false information, constitutes insurance fraud - A severe crime.

Aircraft insurance companies are far more likely to increase your insurance premium if you submit a claim. If your aircraft is involved in a minor, relatively low-cost incident, you may want to pay for the damage out of pocket - especially if the damage was your fault.

Storing your aircraft in a hangar protects it from the outside elements, such as weather, vandalism, and potential damage from movement on the apron. In addition, renting or buying space in a hanger will reduce maintenance costs.

In-flight insurance is a comprehensive policy that protects the aircraft at all stages of use. Contrary to its name, most in-flight insurance policies do not limit coverage to accidents that occur during flight, and also provide coverage for incidents that occur when the plane takes off, is parked or stored.

A Note On Honesty

In-flight insurance is the most expensive type of aviation insurance available because the most expensive damage done to most aircraft occurs during flight. If your FAA medical certificate has ever been revoked or had to go under review, this will play a factor in calculating your insurance costs.

Insurance companies view a spotty medical history as a risk factor. Unfortunately, there is not much you can do about this other than keep yourself healthy. EAA has secured several zero deductible coverage options, as well as expanded coverage for handheld avionics for EAA members.

And as an added bonus, most EAA members are eligible to receive other special enhancements at no extra cost: Something you do you have more control over, however, is your flying record. If you have any accidents or incidents on your FAA Record, or your license was ever revoked or suspended, aircraft insurance companies may be led to believe that you are a higher-risk pilot.

As a general rule of thumb, aviation experts recommend that most hobby pilots choose a policy that includes coverage for at least $1 million per occurrence for property damage and at least $100,000 per occurrence for passenger injuries.

Renter’s Insurance

Ground hull insurance in motion is similar to ground hull insurance not in motion but covers the period in which the plane is moving but not in flight. This type of insurance covers the aircraft when it's taxiing but does not provide coverage for when the plane takes off, lands or flies.

BWI Fly is a company that puts clients first and makes getting in contact easy. You can talk to a representative from 6AM-4:30PM Monday through Thursday and 6AM-4PM on Fridays. If something happens to your aircraft outside of those hours, they also have a dedicated emergency line to solve any problems.

Avemco's flying club insurance policies provide up to $1 million in property damage coverage and $100,000 per person for bodily injury. Each policy is custom designed to account for the unique needs of each group, which alleviates the constraints that often accompany a one-size-fits-all approach to insurance.

Another insurance provider that specializes in aviation insurance, Wings Insurance has over 30 years of experience serving and protecting pilots. Wings Insurance works directly with aviation underwriters and assists pilots in getting the coverage they need at the lowest possible price.

International Liability

Furthermore, the more hours you have with the model and type of aircraft you intend to insure, the lower your insurance premiums will be. For example, if the majority of your hours have been logged in a Cessna 172, your insurance premium will be lower if the aircraft you are trying to insure is a Cessna 172, compared to an aircraft such as a multi-engine Piper.

Wings Insurance's policies may be especially useful for commercial pilots. Its team not only assists business owners in insuring their aircraft, but they're also one of the few aviation experts to also offer workers compensation insurance as well.

Equipped to serve you if you're a hobby pilot and if you're a pilot who needs to insure his team of aviation experts as well, Wings Insurance is an especially adept aviation insurance provider. Unlike home or auto insurance, there are no state or federal aircraft insurance requirements.

However, it's wise to have enough coverage to cover the cost of your aircraft and any resulting costs associated with an accident, including property damage, passenger injury, and damage to the aircraft. Private aircraft insurance costs vary greatly, with premiums ranging from just under $100 to hundreds or even thousands of dollars a year.

Crew Coverage

It is difficult to state an average for airplane insurance because your individualized rate will depend on multiple factors. These include the type of aircraft to be insured, intended use, the number of passengers (if any) it holds, your flight history (or anyone listed on the policy), and the type of coverage you choose, including its limits and deductibles.

AssuredPartners also offers discounts to eligible policyholders that can make coverage even more affordable. AOPA members, for instance, can save 5% on an aviation policy. Policyholders can also save even more when they go a year without a claim, which entitles them to a 10% claims-free flying record discount as well as an accident forgiveness and deductible waiver.

Daily, weekly, monthly and annual coverage is available for aircraft renters, and you can modify as you go, which is especially helpful if you're learning to fly and must increase your hours in the cockpit over time - or when you stop flying in

the off-season. With partnerships with some of the top names in aviation insurance (like Allianz and Global Aerospace Insurance) and insurance for pilots of all skill levels, Travers and Associates makes getting insurance and a free quote convenient and easy.

Join An Association

Passenger liability insurance provides compensation if passengers on your aircraft are injured or killed during a flight. Passenger liability insurance is usually sold on a per seat basis and depends on how many passengers your aircraft can hold.

An aircraft owner's insurance policy, such as those purchased by rental facilities or flight schools, will not cover damage you may cause when renting an aircraft from them, and you will therefore be liable for any costs associated with an accident.

Travers and Associates is an aviation insurance agency that has been insuring pilots for over 50 years. Another aviation insurance broker, Travers and Associates can assist you in meeting your state's minimum insurance requirements. Travers and Associates even provides property and hangar insurance, which can be essential for pilots who own a flight school or multiple hobby planes and need improved ground protection.

Wings has been specializing in aviation insurance since 1984, and today it offers global insurance solutions through a network of providers. All policies are curated to fit each client's specific usage, coverage, and financial needs, making Wings our top choice for commercial aviation policies.

Hangar Insurance

The Experimental Aircraft Association provides a wealth of resources for aviation hobbyists across the nation, including insurance options. It offers specific aircraft policies that are designed to accommodate the unique needs of hobbyists who like to restore, repair, and fly classic planes.

This type of insurance provides coverage and protection for aircraft damaged when not in flight. For example, most ground risk hull insurance not in motion policies would cover damage from a hangar fire, hurricane, wind, theft or vandalism.

Most ground risk hull insurance includes a small deductible to discourage non-essential claims. Skywatch.ai is a rising star for aviation enthusiasts that offers both aircraft owners and renters insurance. This "A" rated firm offers the most flexible aviation insurance in the US that helps cut costs for pilots across the country.

Falcon Insurance's motto is, "If it flies, Falcon insures it," and its insurance offerings certainly live up to its corporate claims. Falcon Insurance provides pilots with one of the most diverse insurance offering lists. It's one of the few aviation insurance providers to service seaplanes and vintage aircraft, and it also offers drone and UAV insurance as well.

Increase Your Hours

You can buy pilot life insurance through its website for one convenient low rate alongside insurance for your personal or commercial aircraft. Some insurance companies require you to undergo specific flight training to be eligible for an aircraft insurance premium.

Make sure to inquire about any additional flight training requirements or any flight training programs that might reduce your insurance premium. Policyholders can also take advantage of several discount opportunities, including discounts for hangaring the club's aircraft and flying claim-free.

Members can also take advantage of Avemco's Safety Rewards discounts, which can reduce premiums by as much as 10% when pilots complete approved flight training. One of the primary benefits of an Avemco flying club policy is the ability for each club to work directly with an Avemco aviation insurance specialist to create a policy that is structured based on the unique needs of each club.

Avemco further empowers policyholders by allowing them to add and drop members at any time during the policy year without contacting Avemco directly or filing unnecessary paperwork. Avemco has been protecting pilots since 1961 by working directly with aviation insurance specialists to create customized coverage that fits each policyholder's needs.

Avoid Claims

Its competitive rates, customizable plans, and safety-based discounts make Avemco a great option for flying clubs. Keep your flight record as clean as possible, and be honest about any accidents or incidents you may have been involved in.

Accidents or incidents that were not your fault need to be explained to the insurance company.

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Il-76 Transport Aircraft

Il-76 Transport Aircraft - As the sun rises on day three of the Ukrainian war with Russia, reports have surfaced that two Russian Ilyushin Il-76 heavy transports were shot down by Ukrainian air defenses. Russia has not acknowledged the loss of any of its Il-76 aircraft.

Basic cargo versions of the IL-76 were fitted with defensive weapons and electronic aids such as radar warning, chaff and flare dispensers and jamming equipment. A powered manned turret with optional radar guidance was fitted to the base of the tail for defensive purposes, and this turret was equipped with two 23mm GSh-23L autocannons.

Il-76 Transport Aircraft

In the meantime, the U.S. government and other members of the international community continue to escalate sanctions against Russia over the conflict. Most significantly today, American authorities announced plans to sanction Putin, as well as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, directly, which will include a ban on their ability to travel to the United States.

Reports Suggest Heavy Resistance To Russian Entry Into Ukrainian Capital

Ukraine's military states that it has also shot down a Russian helicopter and Su-25 by an S-300 air defense system. It also says the Il-76 was shot down by a Su-27. The fact that any of these capabilities are still operational is remarkable:

The British F-35B stealth aircraft have joined Enhanced Vigilance Activity, the NATO-led mission launched as a consequence of the Ukrainian crisis. The F-35B Lightnings of the Royal Air Force's 617 Squadron from RAF Marham, have […]

With improved engines, a longer fuselage, a modern glass cockpit and upgraded avionics, large-scale manufacture of this capable aircraft was constrained by Russian economic difficulties, and only small numbers have entered service to date, but production of this version is ongoing.

With a fuselage stretched by nearly seven meters and new high-bypass turbofan engines fitted, the payload of this variant was 60 tons, but the few aircraft of this series were only delivered to the Jordanian Air Force.

The Candid

Following reports of this first Il-76 shoot-down incident, a "second Il-76" was reported to have been shot down over Bila Tserkya. The report originated from the Ukrainian State Special Communications Agency. Early reports did not suggest what mission this aircraft may have been performing and no specific reports of casualties or survivors have been provided as of this hour.

Additional reports suggest that the battle for the capital city of Kyiv has begun, set against the backdrop of a Russian media report from TASS that, "Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelensky has accepted Russian President Vladimir Putin's proposal and is ready to negotiate peace and a ceasefire."

" No other western media outlet has reported this announcement that was attributed to Vladimir Zelensky's press secretary Sergey Nikiforov. After the video of the MiG-29 Fulcrum shooting HARMs, photos now also show the Flankers flying with the American anti-radiation missiles.

Last week we got the visual confirmation of the Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29 Fulcrum […] The cargo versions have steadily increasing cargo capacity following the introduction of the basic Candid D: the IL-76M could carry 42,000 kg (92,500 lbs) of cargo, this was increased to 48,000 kg (105,800 lbs) in the MD variant.

The final cargo version IL-76 MD-90A has a total capacity of 60,000kg (132,300 lbs). The Chinese PLAAF flew an IL-76 to Afghanistan in 2004, and in 2011 used several IL-76s to evacuate Chinese citizens from Libya.

These were the first instances of the PLAAF performing long-distance airlift missions, and in 2016 a highly similar aircraft to the IL-76 known as the Xi'an Y-20 transport aircraft began operating with Chinese military units. Separately, the U.S.

military and other members of NATO have pledged to continue supplying weapons and other military aid to Ukraine's armed forces, including possible additional unspecified air defense capabilities. The alliance has also activated its Response Force for the first time ever in order to further reinforce areas of its eastern periphery with Russia against any potential aggression outside of Ukraine.

Built in large numbers for both military and civilian use, the IL-76 has been constantly upgraded over the years and has also recently spawned a near-copy by the PRC known as the Xi'an Y-20. Many nations and civil cargo companies around the world operate the IL-76, including the United Nations which has several aircraft on loan from Russia.

There can only be questions already about how the Russian side understands the idea of ​​a negotiated settlement to the current conflict. Putin has said he wants the government in Kyiv ousted, Ukraine "demilitarized," a formal pledge that it will not join NATO, and an agreement to cede control of the Crimean Peninsula and the country's eastern Donbas region before he will call an end to his

"special military operation." Many, if not all of these points are non-starters for Ukraine, although officials have suggested that they are open to discussion about the country's NATO ambitions. Considering we know there is heavy fighting all over the country, and what was claimed to be an amphibious operation in Odessa, the fact that we are seeing almost no information coming out of these areas is telling.

It looks like access to the internet is being manipulated. On Friday, Feb. 25, 2022, Ukrainian air defenses claimed to have shot down one Russian Il-76 transport near Vasylkiv, south of the capital in Kyiv. Ukrainian reports claimed the aircraft was carrying a "landing force" but did not specify any number of casualties or survivors from the reported incident.

With further improvements in avionics and engines, it is not unreasonable to assume that the platform will be in operation in many countries for the foreseeable future. It is only the current financial sanctions on Russia that have slowed the manufacture and introduction of the latest versions of this venerable airlifter, but existing variants are performing sterling services around the world, in both military and civil use.

Cargo versions have an un-refueled range of 2,700 miles (4,400 km) with a load of 50 tonnes. An empty IL-76 has a ferry range of 5,800 miles (9,300 km) when fitted with extra fuel tanks in the cargo area.

The service ceiling of the IL-76 is 43,000 feet (13,000 meters). The IL-78 tanker (NATO reporting name Midas) first flew in 1982, with the first models of this series being converted from IL-76 cargo aircraft. In 1984 the improved IL-78M version was introduced, which was a dedicated tanker version.

All told, Russia's war in Ukraine looks far from over and the outcome of any future negotiations, if they even take place, remains to be seen. For his part, Nykyforov certainly appears to be holding out hope that this could provide a path to peaceful resolution of the conflict.

The Ilyushin IL-76 is a prime strategic airlifter, and while not as capable as later Western cargo aircraft like the Boeing C-17 Globemaster or the Airbus A400M Atlas still has some distinct advantages over these platforms: a robust and simple airframe and also the

ability to be maintained by minimally-trained conscripts while on operations in austere conditions. The initial variant accepted for service in the Soviet Union was also the most manufactured version to date, the IL-76 D (NATO reporting name 'Candid D') of which 860 units were produced.

With a cargo capacity of 50 tonnes, the Candid D was the Soviet Union's first four-engine heavy jet transport and was intended to replace the AN-12 turboprop transport, although this aircraft remains in service to this day.

Beyond that, ceasefires unfortunately often go into effect right after a burst of fighting as the parties involved seek to take as much physical territory before they have to halt the fighting. So, there is certainly a possibility that any immediate agreement will leave not-insignificant amounts of Ukrainian territory under Russian control.

Several IL-76s have been lost by both Russia and Ukraine during the current conflict between those two nations. A Ukrainian Air Force IL-76 was shot down by separatist rebels on approach to the Luhansk region of the country in 2014.

This all notably comes as Russian forces have steadily pushed into Ukraine, but at a pace that is slower than it appears they expected. There are growing reports about increasing Russian casualties, which may number in the hundreds or even thousands already, as well as supply chain issues and flagging morale.

At the United Nations, Russia has now vetoed a draft Security Council resolution that would have condemned its invasion of Ukraine. However, in doing so, the Kremlin did highlight the limited, at best, support it has internationally for its actions.

Only Russia voted against the resolution. China, India, and the United Arab Emirates abstained and the remaining members all voted in favor. Two Russian IL-76s were engaged on the second day of the current conflict, shot down near Kyiv on the 25th of February 2022. The wreckage of these aircraft was not discovered until September of that year.

In April 2022 two Ukrainian Air Force IL-76s were destroyed on the ground by Russian forces at Melitopol Airport in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast within Ukraine. "The enemy is clearly surprised by the results of the Ukrainian armed forces and volunteers to protect the integrity of our country," Ukrainian Ambassador to the United States Oksana Markarova said at a press conference earlier today.

"We see that they didn't advance the way they planned." Russian President Vladimir Putin has previously called for negotiations over his extensive demands for what he wants Ukraine to do in order to end the conflict.

At the same time, he suggested today that the Ukrainian military should overthrow the country's government and then discuss surrender terms with him. The Y-20 is an improved version of the IL-76, with a cargo capacity of 66 tons, and when new Chinese turbofan engines become available it is expected to have an increased range compared to the Russian version.

"Ukraine was and remains ready to talk about ceasefire and peace. This is our constant position. We responded in agreement to the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation," according to a machine translation of Nykyforov's Facebook post.

"Directly at these hours, the parties are consulting about the place and time of the negotiation process. The sooner the negotiations begin, the more chance there will be to restore normal life." Ukrainian Air Force combat planes stored in the peninsula were redeployed to airbases in mainland Ukraine when Crimea was invaded.

Including a Mig-29 that is now back to flight status. When Russian forces invaded Crimea […] One of the best of these is the Ilyushin IL-76, which has performed valiantly for the Soviet/Russian air force since the 1970s as a transport aircraft, but the basic airframe is also used as a template for an aerial tanker and an AEW&C radar

platform as well. The IL-78 Midas and the A-50M AEW&C aircraft continue to support Russian military aviation to this day, and India and the PRC have also ordered these variants to sustain operations by their air arms.

A new version of the A-50 aircraft is in the late stage of development, and this Beriev A-100 is based on the IL-76 MD-90A airframe, with a new solid-state radar replacing the analogue version in the A-

50M.

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Indian Air Force Aircraft

Indian Air Force Aircraft - The F-21 provides unmatched opportunities for Indian companies of all sizes, including Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and suppliers throughout India, to establish new business relationships with Lockheed Martin and other industry leaders in the US and around the globe.

The Indian Government has approved the procurement of 70 'HTT-40' variant basic trainer aircraft for the Indian Air Force, at a cost of more than Rs.6800cr. Built by India's government-run aerospace firm Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the aircraft would be delivered over a period of six years.

Indian Air Force Aircraft

The aircraft which has been selected by the IAF is the CTSW, manufactured by Flight Design, Germany. land at short and rough fields, and is made of advanced composite materials. It has a 'Dynon' EFIS-EMS glass cockpit, two Garmin GPSs, SATCOM, 'Tru Trak' autopilot, Mode S transponder.

The F-21 is an unprecedented ‘Make in India’ opportunity ─ combining the strength of Lockheed Martin, the world's largest defense contractor, and Tata, India's premier industrial house, to deliver a historic win-win for the US and India.

An expedition of this nature requires peak physical fitness. Both pilots have been following a carefully designed program of aerobic conditioning and strength training. The pilots have lost weight, which is an added bonus as more useful load can be carried.

To fulfill this order, HAL would engage Indian private industry, including Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), in its supply chain and this procurement is said to have the potential to provide direct employment to 1,500 personnel and indirect employment for up to 3,000 individuals in more than 100 MSMEs.

In terms of specifications and features, the HTT-40 is a twin-seater, fully aerobatic turboprop aircraft with a fully air-conditioned cockpit, modern avionics etc. running) and is equipped with zero-zero ejection seats (which enable ejections at low speeds and low altitudes, even in ground mishaps).

The highly experienced crew were sent to the aircraft manufacturer in Germany for conversion. Apart from this they were exposed to IFR route flying in Dornier 228. Prior to commencing the expedition, they would also do long range and over sea flying in the CTSW within India .

The F-21 addresses the Indian Air Force's unique requirements and integrates India into the world's largest fighter aircraft ecosystem with the world's pre-eminent defense company. Lockheed Martin and Tata would produce the F-21 in India, for India.

The procurement will include the 70 aircraft, their associated equipment and training aids including simulators. Being an indigenous solution, the aircraft is said to be configurable for upgrades to incorporate the futuristic requirements of the Indian Armed Forces. cent indigenous content, which will progressively increase to over 60 per cent through the indigenization of major components and subsystems.

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Height Of Aircraft Carrier

Height Of Aircraft Carrier - Shandong was built by Dalian Shipbuilding Industry in 2018. The aircraft carrier, which is also known as Type 002, was commissioned in 2019. While Shandong is the first Chinese-made aircraft carrier, it is a variant of the Soviet-built Kuznetsov-class

aircraft carrier. Other nations and light carriers. The United States has decommissioned about as many carriers—63—as the rest of the world had afloat in 2003. Nations with carriers included the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Italy, Japan, Spain, India, Brazil, Chile, Peru

Height Of Aircraft Carrier

, China, and Thailand. The leading carrier power, other than the United States, was—not surprisingly, given the many previous British achievements in carrier design—the United Kingdom. In part to facilitate the building of smaller and more economic carriers, the British in the late 1960s developed the Harrier jet, which takes off almost vertically.

Overview Of A Modern Carrier

As of 2003, its fleet included three small carriers of the Invincible class, built for vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), each capable of carrying eight Harriers and from 10 to 12 helicopters. Members of a battle group may include at least one destroyer and one frigate, two attack submarines, two guided missile cruisers, one guided missile destroyer, and a logistical support ship.

Destroyers and frigates are primarily for anti-submarine warfare, while attack submarines, as their name implies, attack both enemy submarines and ships. Both guided missile cruisers and destroyers are multi-mission surface combatants, the first type armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles for long-range strike capability, and the second equipped for anti-aircraft warfare.

The logistical support ship is usually a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply vessel. Other notable naval powers include Italy, which had six carriers, helicopter carriers, or amphibious assault ships either in operation or under construction in 2003. These included the Andrea Doria, scheduled for completion in 2007. Built along the V/STOL model, the Andrea

Doria would hold eight Harriers or 12 helicopters. Other navies with aircraft carriers, helicopter carriers, helicopter destroyers, or amphibious assault ships included Japan, Brazil, India, Spain, Thailand, and Peru. With the launch of its 59th carrier, Forrestal, in 1959, the United States introduced the era of the very large carrier.

Components In The Carrier Concept

The Forrestal included rectangular extensions on the rear part of the flight deck, which greatly expanded the deck area. Designers had also moved the elevators off to the side, so that they could be used even as aircraft were taking off and landing.

Unlike the old oil-boiler carriers, modern nuclear carriers do not have to refuel regularly. In fact, they can go 15 to 20 years without refueling. The trade-offs are a more expensive power plant, a longer, more complicated refueling process (it takes several years) and the added risk of a nuclear disaster at sea.

To minimize the risk of such a catastrophe, the reactors inside a supercarrier are heavily shielded and closely monitored. U.S. aircraft carriers fall into several groupings, the largest of which is the Nimitz class. Largest warships in the world, these measure 1,092 feet (332.9 m) from bow to stern, and 252 feet (76.8 m) across.

As large as it is, the large U.S. carrier still does not provide enough room for takeoff and landing by conventional means; therefore, the carrier deck includes a number of items for these purposes, as well as for the storage of aircraft below decks.

Evolution Of The Carrier

Primary Flight Control, or "Pri-Fly," is the control tower for flights. Above it on the "island," the part of the carrier that sticks up above the flight deck, is the bridge, the command and control center of the carrier as a whole.

On the bridge is always an officer of the deck (OOD), designated by the ship's commanding officer, who serves a four-hour watch. The OOD is responsible for all aspects of the safety and operation of the ship, among which are navigation, ship handling, communications, and routine tests, and inspections.

Also on the bridge are the helmsman, who steers the ship, and numerous other personnel. Two years later, in 1961, the Navy introduced the first nuclear-powered carrier, the Enterprise. It is no accident that the world's most well-known fictional spaceship, from the 1960s television show Star Trek, was also called the Enterprise.

During that era, the standard of excellence among carriers—the epitome of technological superiority anyone was likely to encounter in real life—was the Enterprise, which carried 100 aircraft, displaced 75,700 tons (68,674 tons), and moved at speeds higher than 30 knots.

(55.6 kph). With eight nuclear reactors, it could travel for three years before being replaced. As of 2003, the United States had launched a total of 75 carriers, with two more under construction. Its 12 active carriers included the Enterprise and the Kitty Hawk class (the Kitty Hawk and Constellation), all launched in 1961;

the John F. Kennedy, launched in 1968; and eight carriers of the Nimitz class: Nimitz, Dwight D. Eisenhower (1977), Carl Vinson (1982), Theodore Roosevelt (1986), Abraham Lincoln (1989), George Washington (1992), John C. Stennis (1995), and Harry S. Truman (1998).

Additionally, the Ronald Reagan was under construction, with launch planned for the middle of the decade, while construction was to begin on the George H. W. Bush, with completion planned for 2009. (Both are Nimitz-class carriers.)

Admiral Kuznetsov was built by Nikolayev South during the Soviet era. First commissioned in 1991, the aircraft carrier is currently the only unit operated by the Russian Navy. As of June, Admiral Kuznetsov is undergoing a refit, per the wire agency Reuters.

Built by Cochin Shipyard Limited, the INS Vikrant is the first-ever aircraft carrier constructed in India. Launched in 2013, the ship's construction cost over $3.5 billion and was originally scheduled for commissioning in 2018 but was delayed due to the pandemic.

aircraft carrier Military vessel with a wide open deck that serves as a runway for the launching and landing of aircraft. A modern nuclear-powered carrier may have a flight deck c.300m (1000ft) long, a displacement of c.75,000 tons, a 4000-man crew, and carry 90 aircraft of various types.

Some carriers have large, angled decks to permit launching and landing simultaneously. Local media describe the INS Vikrant as an "elite" warship. The aircraft carrier is slated to operate MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31 helicopters, and Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk helicopters once commissioned in September, per local news site India Times.

The carrier is one of the leading means for force projection, or the ability to project an aggregation of military personnel from the continental United States (or another theater) in response to military requirements. As long as it operates in international waters, a carrier needs no permission to conduct landings or overflights.

These floating military bases constitute sovereign U.S. territory capable of moving over the oceans—70% of Earth's surface—in the service of U.S. interests. There are 47 aircraft carriers currently in active service in the world — all of which are operated by just 14 countries.

Aircraft carriers are considered the "most valuable" naval asset, tasked with not just war operations but guarding territorial waters, per a 2020 report from the Joint Air Power Competence Center. Stefan Terzibaschitsch, Aircraft Carriers of the U.S.

Navy, 1980. Norman Friedman, Carrier Air Power, 1981. Stefan Terzibaschitsch, Escort Carriers and Aviation Support Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1981. Norman Friedman, U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History, 1983. Clark G. Reynolds, The Fighting Lady: The New Yorktown in the Pacific War, 1986. George C. Wilson, Supercarrier, 1986. Edward P. Stafford, The Big E, 1988 repr.

Clark G. Reynolds, The U.S. Fleet‐in‐Being Strategy of 1942, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 58 (1994), pp. 103–118. Theodore Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, 1991 repr. Postwar changes. By the end of World War II, the United States had commissioned more than 34 carriers, with several more made operational late in 1945. But it had also lost several such vessels, including the first two, the Langley and the Lexington.

Following the war, the introduction of guided missiles revolutionized the nature of the carrier battle group, while nuclear fission replaced diesel power for the most advanced carriers. Five countries — US, China, UK, France and India — operate 10 of the world's largest aircraft carriers in terms of displacement.

According to naval architect Harry Alexander Karanassos, displacement refers to the mass of water displaced by a ship. With a total of 10 planned aircraft carriers, the Gerald R. Ford-class is regarded as the US Navy's warships of the future.

The USS Gerald R. Ford, the first aircraft carrier to be built, was commissioned in 2017. The research and development of the class cost $37.3 billion, and the construction of each unit cost almost $13 billion.

Fujian is fitted with catapults that can launch "larger and heavier aircraft," according to the Hong Kong-based news site Asia Times. The aircraft carrier is tasked with reinforcing Chinese presence on the eastern side of Taiwan, the publication reported, citing local naval strategists.

Carriers figured heavily in World War II, particularly during operations in the Pacific theater. The Japanese launched their attack on U.S. forces at Pearl Harbor in December, 1941, from carriers, and in May, 1942, the United States struck back decisively in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in which opposing fleets fought without their ships coming in sight of each other

. A month later, the Battle of Midway proved one of the turning points in the war, and reinforced the concept of naval air support. There are 10 aircraft carriers that belong to the Nimitz-class. All were built by Newport News Shipbuilding.

The first aircraft carrier in the class, USS Nimitz, was commissioned in 1975 but is due to be decommissioned in 2025. The INS Vikramaditya is a Soviet-made aircraft carrier that was commissioned by the Indian Navy in 2013, per the navy's official website.

The warship is regarded as the current flagship of the navy, and was purchased from Russia for $2.35 billion. As impressive as it was, the Enterprise would be eclipsed by the Nimitz (commissioned in May 1975) and the rest of its class.

Instead of eight reactors, these required only two, whose uranium cores needed to be replaced once every 13 years. The carriers displaced 81,600 tons, but had much smaller propulsion systems, and thus, could store much more aircraft fuel.

The carrier's two nuclear reactors, housed in a heavily-armored, heavily restricted area in the middle of the ship, generate loads of high-pressure steam to rotate fan blades inside the turbine. The fans turn the turbine shaft, which rotates the screw propellers to push the ship forward, while massive rudders steer the ship.

The propulsion system boasts something in excess of 280,000 horsepower (the Navy doesn't release exact numbers). The INS Vikrant has a projected displacement of 45,000 tons which will make it the Indian Navy's largest aircraft carrier, superseding the INS Vikramaditya.

It measures 860 feet in length and 194 feet in height and can accommodate a crew of 1,645. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.

Therefore, it's best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication's requirements and the most recent information available at these sites: Carriers make possible a variety of options.

They may be used to insert forces ashore; on the other hand, their presence is so intimidating that they may be used simply to "show the flag," or remind hostile powers of the U.S. presence. They are capable of attacking airborne, sea borne, or land targets, and engage in sustained operations in support of other forces—for example, the ground forces deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

Sometimes characterized as "floating cities," aircraft carriers are a potent symbol of America's strength as a superpower. Although nations ranging from the United Kingdom and Russia to Peru and Thailand have their light carriers and helicopter carriers, the large carriers of the United States are without parallel in ability and firepower.

Carriers provide an important means of force projection from the continental United States to any theater, no matter how hostile, and offer a floating platform for missions that include both combat and intelligence-gathering. As President William J. Clinton said during a visit to the carrier Theodore Roosevelt in the 1990s, "When word of crisis breaks out in Washington, it's no accident that the first question that comes to everyone's lips is, 'where is the nearest carrier?

'" HMS Queen Elizabeth is equipped with armament that includes the Phalanx close-in weapon system and US-made M134 miniguns. It can carry more than 65 aircraft, which includes the Lockheed Martin F-35 fighter jet and the Boeing Chinook helicopter.

night surveillance, electronic countermeasures, command/control/communications warfare, and search and rescue; one squadron of EA-6B Prowlers, which jams enemy radar, electronic data links, and communications; one squadron of E-2C Hawkeyes, all-weather tactical warning and control system aircraft;

and one squadron of SH-60 Seahawks, twin-engine utility or assault helicopters. Before placing a superlift module into the ship, the construction crew assembles its steel body and hooks up almost all wiring and plumbing. Then they use a giant bridge crane to lift the module and lower it precisely into its proper position inside the ship;

then they weld it to the surrounding modules. Near the end of construction, the crew joins the last module, the 575-ton island, to the flight deck. Powered by two nuclear reactors with four geared steam turbines and four shafts, the Nimitz-class carrier is capable of spending at least half a year at sea, and more than a decade without refueling.

Its ship's company exceeds 3,000, with almost 2,500 more on the air wing. Below decks is an entire city, complete with vast warrens of living spaces, dining halls that serve nearly 20,000 meals a day, a radio and television station, a barber shop, a library, gymnasium, a hospital and dentist office, shops, and a

post office. HMS Queen Elizabeth is a class that includes two aircraft carriers, the HMS Queen Elizabeth and the HMS Prince of Wales. The lead ship, HMS Queen Elizabeth, was commissioned in 2017. The class was built by the Aircraft Carrier Alliance and cost around £3.8 billion to construct per unit.

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